从签订外销合同，到租船订舱、检验、产地证、保险、送货、报关、装船出口，直至押汇(或托收)、交单、结汇、核销、退税，是每笔进出口业务必经的过程。SimTrade外贸实习平台模拟了进出口业务中最常用的结算方式(L/C、T/T、D/P或D/A)和贸易术语(FOB、CFR、CIF)。下面以CIF下的L/C方式为例，分别列出SimTrade环境里，出口地银行、出口商、进口商、进口地银行的进出口合同履约过程，便于使用者理解和实践。



　　一、推销

　　进出口商要将产品打进国际市场，必须先开拓市场，寻找合适的交易对象。可以通过寄送业务推广函电(Sale Letter)或在计算机网络、国外杂志、报刊上刊登产品广告来推销自己，同时也可通过参加商展、实地到国外考察等途径来寻找交易对象，增进贸易机会。



　　二、询盘

　　又称为询价。进口商收到出口商的业务推广函电或看到广告后，根据自己的需要，对有意进一步洽商的出口商予以询盘(Inquiry)，以期达成交易。



　　三、发盘

　　又称为报价。出口商按买主来函要求，先向供货的工厂询盘，然后计算出口报价回函给进口商。这期间可能需要函电多次往返接洽，最后得到关于价格条款的一致意见。



　　四、签订合同

　　国外买主与出口商经一番讨价还价后，就各项交易条件达成一致，正式签订外销合同(Contract或Agreement)。
　　在SimTrade中，外销合同可以由出口商起草，也可以由进口商起草，注意起草与确认合同时双方都需填写预算表。



　　五、领核销单

　　为保证企业严格按照正常贸易活动的外汇需要来使用外汇，杜绝各种形式的套汇、逃汇、骗汇等违法犯罪行为，我国规定企业对外付汇要通过国家审核，实行进口付汇核销制度。采用信用证结算方式时，进口商须在开证前到外汇指定银行领取《贸易进口付汇核销单(代申报单)》，凭以办理进口付汇手续；其他结算方式下则在付款前领此单。



　　六、申请开信用证

　　进口商填妥付汇核销单后，再开具《不可撤销信用证开证申请书》(Irrevocable Documentary Credit Application)，向其有往来的外汇银行申请开立信用证。



　　七、开信用证

　　开证银行接受申请并根据申请书开立信用证(Letter of Credit；L/C)，经返还进口商确认后，将信用证寄给出口地银行(在出口国称通知银行)，请其代为转送给出口商。



　　八、通知信用证

　　出口地银行填妥《信用证通知书》(Notification of Documentary Credit)，将信用证通知出口商。



　　九、接受信用证

　　出口商收到通知银行送来的信用证后，经审核无误，接受信用证，即可开始备货、装船等事宜。如信用证有误，可要求进口商修改。



　　十、指定船公司

　　在CIF或CFR术语下，出口商一边备货，一边还要寻找合适的船公司，以提前做好装运准备；在FOB术语下，此步骤则应由进口商完成。



　　十一、订舱

　　确定好船公司后，出口商即应根据相应的船期，配合装运期限进行订舱，经船公司接受后发给配舱通知，凭以填制其他单据，办理出口报关及装运手续。



　　十二、申请检验

　　出口商根据信用证的规定填写《出境货物报检单》(Application for Certificate of Export Inspection)，并备齐商业发票、装箱单等相关文件向出入境检验检疫局申请出口检验。



　　十三、取得检验证明

　　检验机构经对商品检验合格后，签发《出境货物通关单》；并根据出口商的要求，签发相应的商检证书，如品质证书、健康证书等。



　　十四、申请产地证

　　出口商填妥相应的产地证明书向相关单位申请签发，其中《原产地证明书》(Certificate of Origin)与《普惠制产地证明书》(Generalized System of Preferences Certificate of Origin “Form A”)应向出入境检验检疫局申请，而《输欧盟纺织品产地证》则应向商务部授权的纺织品出口证书发证机构(图上未标出)申请。



　　十五、签发产地证

　　相关机构经过审核，根据出口商的申请，签发相应的产地证书。



　　十六、办理保险

　　在CIF术语下，保险由出口商办理，出口商须根据信用证的规定填写《货物运输保险投保单》(Cargo Transportation Insuranc

It's easy to lose track of physical location on the Internet. We all know that Web servers, mail servers, routers, and the rest of the devices that make the Internet work all occupy discrete space in the physical world. But we don't usually know, or even care, whether the information we seek is served from Kansas City, Kansas, or Bombay, India. Physical location does matter, however, even on the Internet.

If you register your next domain name with Gandi.net, you'll be doing business with a French company. Register with Joker.com and you'll be doing business with a German company. Both domain name registrars have an English-language user interface for their Web sites, so you might easily miss the terms and conditions that alert you to the fact that you're doing business with a foreign company. That's probably okay as long as everything goes well, but if you ever have a dispute with one of those companies, you're facing a problem of international proportions. Can you sue the company in your home country? If you do, will the company even show up in court? Will you have to retain a lawyer in a distant country?

What's worse is the prospect that the foreign company might sue you in a foreign country. Being subject to foreign laws has been the stuff of nightmares ever since Midnight Express scared us all silly twenty-odd years ago. No, a foreign company can't pull you from your house and throw you in a dark, dank jail thousands of miles away, but it can sue you for damages in a foreign court. Just as the sentence and terms of incarceration for drug smuggling in Midnight Express were out of proportion to our own sense of what was fair, damage awards in foreign countries can seem similarly arbitrary and unjust.

So you might be surprised to learn that the United States government, along with the governments of almost fifty other nations, is drafting an international treaty that would make it easier to enforce foreign judgments domestically. In some c

（一）
They mainly trade with Japanese firms.
他们主要和日本商行进行贸易。
For the past five years, we have done a lot of trade with your company.
在过去的五年中，我们与贵国进行了大量的贸易。
Our trade is conducted on the basis of equality.
我们是在平等的基础上进行贸易。
There has been a slowdown in the wool trade with you.
和你们的羊毛贸易已有所减少。
Our foreign trade is continuously expanding.
我们的对外贸易不断发展。
Trade in leather has gone up (down) 3%.
皮革贸易上升（下降）了百分之三。
Trade in general is improving.
贸易情况正在好转。
Our company mainly trades in arts and crafts.
我们公司主要经营手工艺品。
They are well-known in trade circles.
他们在贸易界很有名望。
We trade with people in all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
我们在平等互利的基础上和各国人民进行贸易。
To respect the local custom of the buying country is one important aspect of China's foreign policy.
尊重买方国家的风俗习惯是我国贸易政策的一个重要方面。
Our purpose is to explore the possibilities of developing trade with you.
我们的目的是和你们探讨一下发展贸易的可能性。
　
Words and Phrases
foreign trade 对外贸易
overseas trade 海外贸易
international trade 国际贸易
to trade with 和...进行贸易
to do business in a moderate way 做生意稳重
to do business in a sincere way 做生意诚恳
to make a deal 做一笔交易
deal 交易，经营，处理，与...交往
to deal in 经营，做生意
to explore the possibilities of 探讨...的可能性
trade circles 贸易界
to handle 经营某商品
to trade in 经营某商品
business scope/frame 经营范围
trading firm/house 贸易行，商行
（二）

Can we do a barter trade?
咱们能不能做一笔易货贸易呢？
Is it still a direct barter trade?
这还算是一种直接的易货贸易吗？
If you agree to our proposal of a barter trade, we'll give you paper in exchange for your timber.
如果你方同意我们进行易货贸易的建议，我们将用纸与你们交换木材。
Shall we sign a triangle trade agreement?
我们订一个三角贸易协议好吗？
A triangle trade can be carried out among the three of us.
我们三方可进行三角贸易。
Compensation trade is, in fact, a kind of loan.
补偿贸易实际上是一种信贷。
We may agree to do processing trade with you.
我们同意与你们进行来料加工贸易。
If you're interested in leasing trade, please let us know.
如果你们有意做租赁贸易，请告诉我们。
We wonder whether you do counter trade.

（一）
We arrange shipments to any part of the world.
我们承揽去世界各地的货物运输。
From what I've heard you're ready well up in shipping work.
据我所知，您对运输工作很在行。
What is your specific transport requirement?
你们需要的运输条件是什么？
It will cause a lot of problems in our transportation.
这将给我们的运输带来很多问题。
The two sides finally reached an agreement on the mode of transportation.
双方就运输方式达成了协议。
Today let's discuss the mode of transportation of the steel we ordered.
今天我们就谈谈关于钢材的运输方式吧。
How do you usually move your machines?
你们出口机器习惯使用哪种运输方式？
The goods are now in transit.
此批货物正在运输途中。
A part of the goods were damaged in transit.
一部分货物在运输途中受损。
If the cargo space must be reserved, please send us the necessary application forms.
如果要预订货舱，请将订舱表寄给我们。
do you do any chartering?
你们租船吗？
　
Words and Phrases
transport 运输
to be in transit 正在运输
move 运输
transportation business 运输业
transportation company (corporation) 运输公司
transportation cost 运输成本
mode of transportation 运输方式
way of transportation 运输方式
means of transportation 运输方式
to do charter 租船
cargo space 货舱
　
（二）
Transport by sea is the most important mode of transportation in the world today.
海运是目前世界上最重要的一种运输方式。
Usually, it is cheaper to have the goods sent by sea than by railway.
通常，海运较陆运便宜。
For such a big order, we propose to have the goods dispatched by sea.
数量如此多的货物，我们建议走海运。
Please dispatch the TV sets we ordered by sea.
请海运我们订购的电视机。
Because of the high cost of railway transportations, we prefer sea tansportations.
因为铁路运输费用高，我们愿意走海运。
Sometimes sea transport is troublesome to us.
有时海运对我们来说麻烦。
Please have the goods transported by air.
请空运此批货
To move the goods by railway is quicker.
铁路运输较快。
We don't think it is proper to transport the goods by railway.
我们认为此货不适合用铁路运输。
Can you have them sent by railway?
能采用 陆运方式吗？
You may have some difficulties in arranging railway transportation, I guess.
我猜你们安排铁路运输有困难。
We have arranged to transport the r

（一）
The shipment has arrived in good condition.
运到之货情况良好
I hope you'll be entirely satisfied with this initial shipment.
我希望您能对第一批货感到满意。
Please exercise better care with future shipments.
对今后装运的货，请多加注意。
Can last shipment be duplicated?
上次装运的货能再卖一批吗？
We regret we can't ship as you desired.
很抱歉，我们不能按你们的要求装船。
We'll send vessels to pick up the cargo at Huangpu.
我们将派船只在黄埔装运。
There is an over-shipment of 200 lbs.
货物多装了200磅。
Can we short-ship 5 tons?
我们可以少装5吨吗？
Please hold shipment pending our instructions.
请在我们通知之前暂停装货。
The goods are all ready for shipment.
货物已经准备好待装运。
I've got a bone to pick with you over your last shipment to London.
关于上次装运到伦敦的那批货，我不得不抱怨你。
The cargo has been shipped on board s.s. "Dong Feng".
货已装上“东风”号轮船。
We ship most of our oil in bulk.
我们装运的油多数是散装的。
We can get preferential duty rates when we ship to the U.S.A.
我们能在货物装运到美国时获得优惠税率。
The facilities for shipping goods to southeast Asian countries have changed a lot.
出口到东南亚的货物的装运条件已大大改善了。
　
Words and Phrases
shipment 装运
shipping advice 装船通知
loading 装货
shipping order 装货单
to effect shipment 装运
shipping 装运的
shipping mark 装运标志
to make shipment 交货，装运
to ship 装船，装运
shipping instruction 装船单据
to make delivery of the goods 交货
to take delivery of the goods 提货
]unloading/discharging 卸货
loading list 装船单
loading charge 装船费
loading certificate 装货证明书
loading days 装货天数，装载时间
load off 卸货
Male's Receipt 大副收据
loaded on Deck （货物）装于甲板上
Shipping Instructions Form 装船指示单
shipping documents 装船单据
cargo mark 货物装运标志
　
（二）
Can our order of 100 cars be shipped as soon as possible?
我们订的100辆小汽车能尽快装运吗？
An early reply from you will help us to speed up shipment.
如果你们尽快答复，我们便可以加速装船。
The order No. 105 is so urgently required that we have to ask you to speed up shipment.
第105号订单所订货物我们要急用，请你们加快装船速度。
Could you manage to hasten the delivery?
你们能否加快装运？
Could you possibly effect shipment more promptly?
你们能不能提前一点

（一）
I'm looking for insurance from your company.
我是到贵公司来投保的。
Mr. Zhang met Mr. William in the office of the People' Insurance Company of China.
张先生在中国人民保险公司的办公室接待了威廉先生。
After loading the goods on board the hip, I go to the insurance company to have them insured.
装船后，我到保险公司去投保。
When should I go and have the tea insured?
我什么时候将这批茶叶投保？
All right. Let's leave insurance now.
好吧，保险问题就谈到这里。
I have come to explain that unfortunate affair about the insurance.
我是来解释这件保险的不幸事件的。
I must say that you've corrected my ideas about the insurance.
我该说你们已经纠正了我对保险的看法。
This information office provides clients with information on cargo insurance.
这个问讯处为顾客提供大量关于货物投保方面的信息。
The underwriters are responsible for the claim as far as it is within the scope of cover.
只要是在保险责任范围内，保险公司就应负责赔偿。
The loss in question was beyond the coverage granted by us.
损失不包括在我方承保的范围内。
The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clause.
保险的范围写在基本保险单和各种险别的条款里。
Please fill in the application form.
请填写一下投保单。
　
Words and Phrases
insure 保险；投保；保证
insurance 保险；保险费；保险金额
underwriters 保险商（指专保水险的保险商）保险承运人
insurance company 保险公司
insurer 保险人
insurance broker 保险经纪人
insurance underwriter 保险承保人
insurance applicant 投保人
insurant, the insured 被保险人，受保人
to cover (effect,arrange,take out) insurance 投保
insurance coverage;risks covered 保险范围
insurance slip 投保单
insured amount 保险金额
insurance against risk 保险
insurance clause 保险条款
insurance instruction 投保通知
insurance business 保险企业
insurance conditions 保险条件

（二）
What risks is the People's Insurance Company of China able to cover?
中国人民保险公司承保的险别有哪些？
What risks should be covered?
您看应该保哪些险？
What kind of insurance are you able to provide for my consignment?
贵公司能为我的这批货保哪些险呢？
It's better for you to can the leaflet, and then make a decision.
你最好先看看说明书，再决定保什么险。
These kinds of risks suit your consignment.
这些险别适合你要投保的货物。
May I ask what exactly

（一）
Shall we take up the question of inspection today?
今天咱们讨论商品检验问题吧。
The inspection of commodity is no easy job.
商检工作不是那么简单。
Mr. Black is talking with the Chinese importer about inspecting the goods.
布莱克先生与中方进口商就商品检验问题进行洽谈。
As an integral part of the contract, the inspection of goods has its special importance.
作为合同里的一个组成部分，商品检验具有特殊的重要性。
We should inspect this batch of porcelainware to see if there is any breakage.
我们要检查一下这批瓷器是否有破损的。
The exporters have the right to inspect the export goods before delivery to the shipping line.
出口商在向船运公司托运前有权检验商品。
The inspection should be completed within a month after the arrival of the goods.
商品检验工作在到货后一个月内完成。
How should we define the inspection rights?
商检的权力怎样加以明确呢？
I'm worried that there might be some disputes over the results of inspection.
我担心对商检的结果会发生争议。
We'll accept the goods only if the results from the two inspections are identical with each other.
如果双方的检测结果一致，我们就收货。
　
Words and Phrases
*****************
inspection 检验
inspect 检验
to inspect A for B 检查A中是否有B
inspector 检验员
inspector of tax 税务稽查员
inspection of commodity 商品检验
　
（二）
Where do you wish to reinspect the goods?
您希望在哪里复验商品？
The importers have the right to reinspect the goods after their arrival.
进口商在货到后有权复验商品。
What's the time limit for the reinspection?
复验的时限是什么时候？
It's very complicated to have the goods reinspected and tested.
这批货测试和复验起来比较复杂。
What if the results from the inspection and the reinspection do not coincide with each other?
如果检验和复验的结果有出入该怎么办呢？
　
Words and Phrases
*****************
reinspect 复验
reinspection 复验
　
（三）
Who issues the inspection certificate in case the quality do not confirm to the contract?
如果货物的质量与合同不符，由谁出具检验证明书呢？
The certificate will be issued by China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau or by any of its branches.
检验证明书将由中国进出口商品检验局或其分支机构出具。
The Inspection Certificate will be signed by the commissioner of your bureau.
检验证明

（一）
Payment is to be effected (made) before the end of this month.
这个月末以前应该付款。
It's convenient to make payment in pound sterling.
用英镑付款较方便。
Now, as regards payment, we've agreed to use U.S. Dollar, am I right?
至于付款，我们已同意用美圆，对吗？
We may have some difficulties making payment in Japanese yen.
用日圆付款可能会有困难。
I've never made payment in Renminbi before.
我从未用过人民币付款。
We can't accept payment on deferred terms.
我们不能接受延期付款。
What's your reason for the refusal of payment?
你们拒付的理由是什么？
Collection is not paid.
托收款未得照付。
We don't think you'll refuse to pay.
我们相信你们不会拒付。
Only one refusal of payment is acceptable to the bank.
银行只接受一次拒付。
You ought to pay us the bank interest once payment is wrongly refused.
如果拒付错了，你们应该偿付我方的银行利息。
We'll not pay until shipping documents for the goods have reached us.
见不到货物装船单据，我们不付款。
We're worrying that a decline in prices might lead to refusal of payment.
我们担心市场价格下跌会引起拒付。
Of course payment might be refused if anything goes wrong with the documents.
如果单据有问题，当然可以提出拒付。
The equipment will be paid in installments with the commodities produced by our factory.
设备以我们工厂生产的产品分期偿还。
　
Words and Phrases
payment 支付，付款
to pay 付款，支付，偿还
dishonour 拒付
deferred payment 延期付款
progressive payment 分期付款
payment on terms 定期付款
payment agreement 支付协定
pay order 支付凭证
payment order 付款通知
payment by banker 银行支付
payment by remittance 汇拨支付
payment in part 部分付款
payment in full 全部付讫
clean payment 单纯支付
simple payment 单纯支付
payment by installment 分期付款
payment respite 延期付款
payment at maturity 到期付款
payment in advance 预付（货款）
Cash With Order (C.W.O) 随订单付现
Cash On Delivery (C.O.D) 交货付现
Cash Against Documents (C.A.D) 凭单付现
pay on delivery (P.O.D) 货到付款
payment in kind 实物支付
payment for (in) cash 现金支付，付现
pay...Co. only 仅付...公司
pay...Co. not negotiable 付...公司，不准疏通
pay...Co. or order (pay to the order of...Co.) 付...公司或其指定人
refusal 拒绝
the refusal of payment 拒付
the bank interes

（一）
We'll have the contract ready for signature.
我们应准备好合同待签字。
We signed a contract for medicines.
我们签订了一份药品合同。
Mr. Zhang sings the contract on behalf of the China National Silk Import & Export Corporation.
张先生代表中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。
A Japanese company and SINOCHEM have entered into a new contract.
中国化工进出口总公司已经和日本一家公司签订了一份新合同。
It was because of you that we landed the contract.
因为有了你，我们才签了那份合同。
We offered a much lower price, so they got the contract.
由于我们报价低，他们和我们签了合同。
Are we anywhere near a contract yet?
我们可以（接近于）签合同了吗？
We sign a contract when we are acting as principals.("principals" refers to the "seller" and the "buyer")
当我们作为货主时都要签订合同。（这里的“货主”指合同中的卖方和买方）
I know we (the seller) should draw up a contract and the buyer has to sign it.
我们知道我们（卖方）应该拟出一份合同，买方必须签署合同。
We should simultaneously sign two contracts, one sales contract for beef and mutton, and the other contract of equal value for the purchase of cotton.
我们同时签两个合同，一是牛羊肉的销售（出口）合同，另一个是等额的棉花购买（进口）合同。
We both want to sign a contract, and we have to make some concessions to do it.
我们都想签合同，因此双方都要做些让步。
We are here to discuss a new contract with you.
我们来这里和您谈谈订一份新合同的问题。
Our current contract is about to expire, and we'll need to discuss a new one.
欧文们现有合同快要期满了，需要再谈一个新合同。
We can repeat the contract on the same terms.
我们可以按同样条件再订一个合同。
A few problems with supply under the old contract must be quickly resolved.
老合同中的一些供货问题必须尽快解决。
We ought to clear up problems arising from the old contract.
我们应该清理一下老合同中出现的问题。
Do you always make out a contract for every deal?
每笔交易都需要订一份合同吗？
As per the contract, the construction of factory is now under way.
根据合同规定，工厂的建设正在进行中。
　
Words and Phrases
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
contract 合同，订立合同
contractor 订约人，承包人
contractual 合同的，契约的
to make a contract 签订合同
to place a contract 订合同
to enter into a contract 订合同
to sign a contract 签合同
to draw up a contract 拟订合同
to draft a contract 起草合同
to get a contract 得到合同
to

（一）
The next thing I'd like to bring up for discussion is packing.
下面我想提出包装问题讨论一下。
We'd like to hear what you say concerning the matter of packing.
我很想听听你们就包装问题发表意见。
You'd like to know something about the packing of the drugs. is that right?
您想了解药品的包装情况，对吗？
Please make an offer indicating the packing.
请报价并说明包装情况。
Your opinions on packing will be passed on to our manufacturers.
你们对包装的意见将转达给厂商。
It is necessary to improve the packaging.
改进包装方法十分必要。
We've informed the manufacturer to have them packed as per your instruction.
我们已经通知厂商按你们的要求包装。
Packing has a close bearing on sales.
包装直接关系到产品的销售。
Packing also effects the reputation of our products.
包装也影响产品的声誉。
A packing that catches the eye will help us push the sales.
醒目的包装有助于我们推销产品。
Buyers always pay great attention to packing.
买方很注意包装的情况。
I'm sure the new packing will give your clients satisfaction.
我相信新包装定会使您的客户满意。
Different articles require different packing.
不同商品需要不同的包装。
Generally speaking, buyers bear the charges of packing.
包装费用一般由买方负担。
Packing charge is about 3% of the total cost of the goods.
包装费用占货物总值的百分之三。
Normally, packing charge is included in the contract price.
一般地，合同价格中已经包括了包装费用。
The crux of packing lies in protecting the goods from moisture.
包装的关键是防潮。
The machines must be well protected against dampness, moisture, rust and shock.
机器包装必须防湿、防潮、防锈、防震。
We have no objection to the stipulations about the packing and shipping mark.
我们同意关于包装和运输唛头的条款。
We can not afford time to change the packing because the ship will sail after two days.
由于轮船两天后就起航，我们来不及更换包装。
　
Words and Phrases
pack 包装，装罐
packing 包装
packing charge 包装费用
package 包装（指包、捆、束、箱等）；打包
packing clause 包装条款
packaging 包装方法
packing expenses 包装费用
　
（二）
What do you think of the packing for fireworks?
您认为礼花怎样包装？
The packings are in good (bad) order.
包装完好无损（破损）。
The packages are intact. The packing is beautiful.
包装完好无损，很美观。
Please pack the